Restrictions
On most systems, the use of the chown and chgrp commands is restricted for non-privileged users. If you are not the administrator of the system, you can not change user nor group ownerships for security reasons. If the usage of these commands would not be restricted, malicious users could assign ownership of files to other users and/or groups and change behavior of those users' environments and even cause damage to other users' files.
3.4.2.5. Special modes
For the system admin to not be bothered solving permission problems all the time, special access rights can be given to entire directories, or to separate programs. There are three special modes:
Sticky bit mode: After execution of a job, the command is kept in the system memory. Originally this was a feature used a lot to save memory: big jobs are loaded into memory only once. But these days memory is inexpensive and there are better techniques to manage it, so it is not used anymore for its optimizing capabilities on single files. When applied to an entire directory, however, the sticky bit has a different meaning. In that case, a user can only change files in this directory when she is the user owner of the file or when the file has appropriate permissions. This feature is used on directories like /var/tmp , that have to be accessible for everyone, but where it is not appropriate for users to change or delete each other's data. The sticky bit is indicated by a t at the end of the file permission field:
mark:~> ls -ld /var/tmp
drwxrwxrwt 19 root root 8192 Jan 16 10:37 /var/tmp/
The sticky bit is set using the command chmod o+t directory . The historic origin of the "t" is in UNIX' save Text access feature.
SUID (set user ID) and SGID (set group ID): represented by the character s in the user or group permission field. When this mode is set on an executable file, it will run with the user and group permissions on the file instead of with those of the user issuing the command, thus giving access to system resources. We will discuss this further in Chapter 4 .
SGID (set group ID) on a directory: in this special case every file created in the directory will have the same group owner as the directory itself (while normal behavior would be that new files are owned by the users who create them). This way, users don't need to worry about file ownership when sharing directories:
mimi:~> ls -ld /opt/docs
drwxrws--- 4 root users 4096 Jul 25 2001 docs/
mimi:~> ls -l /opt/docs
-rw-rw---- 1 mimi users 345672 Aug 30 2001-Council.doc
This is the standard way of sharing files in UNIX.
Existing files are left unchanged!
Files that are being moved to a SGID directory but were created elsewhere keep their original user and group owner. This may be confusing.
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